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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bionic (software)</span></span>

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<p><b>Bionic</b> is an implementation of the <a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>, developed by <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> for its <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. It differs from the <a href="GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> (glibc) in being designed for devices with less memory and processor power than a typical <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> system. It is a combination of new code and code from <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> released under a <a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>, rather than glibc, which uses the <a href="GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a>. This difference was important in the early days of Android, when static linking was common, and since Bionic has its own <a href="Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">application binary interface</a>, it cannot be replaced by a different libc without breaking all existing apps.

</p><p>Bionic is a C library for use with the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, and provides <a href="Libc" class="mw-redirect" title="Libc">libc</a>, <a href="Libdl" class="mw-redirect" title="Libdl">libdl</a>, and <a href="Libm" class="mw-redirect" title="Libm">libm</a> (<a href="Libpthread" class="mw-redirect" title="Libpthread">libpthread</a> functionality is part of <a href="Libc" class="mw-redirect" title="Libc">libc</a>, not a separate library as on some other systems). This differs from the <a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> C libraries that Bionic shares code with, because they require a BSD <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_goals">Original goals</h2></div>

<p>The original publicly stated goals for Bionic were the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Brady_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD-licensed</a>: Google wanted to isolate Android applications from the effect of <a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses to create a <a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="User-space" class="mw-redirect" title="User-space">user-space</a> and application ecosystem,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but:

<ul><li>Android is based on the Linux kernel, which is subject to the copyleft GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.</li>

<li>The most widespread standard C library for the Linux kernel is the GNU C Library (glibc), which is subject to the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), also a copyleft license. In contrast to the GPL, the LGPL explicitly allows for dynamic linking but it does not allow <a href="Static_library" title="Static library">static linking</a> of proprietary software without providing source code or linkable object files.</li>

<li>The <a href="Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">permissive</a> BSD license is a non-<a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license that is <a href="License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">compatible</a> in both directions. A BSD-licensed glibc <a href="Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">substitute</a> could act as an isolation layer between the copyleft core (kernel) and the non-copyleft applications, and was therefore chosen by Google for its Bionic as a glibc substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li>Small size: Bionic was much smaller than the GNU C Library; more importantly its memory requirements were (and remain) much lower.</li>

<li>Speed: Bionic was designed for CPUs at relatively low clock frequencies.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supported_architectures">Supported architectures</h2></div>

<p>Bionic only supports Linux kernels, but currently supports the arm, arm64, riscv64, x86, and x86-64 architectures. The platform itself required armv7 with <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">Neon</a> since <a href="Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the <a href="Android_Native_Development_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Native Development Kit">Android Native Development Kit</a> (NDK) continued to support armv5 (which it called armeabi) up until NDK r16. The NDK still supports armv7, though NDK r24 dropped support for non-Neon. Historically there was partial <a href="SuperH#SH-4" title="SuperH">SH-4</a> support in the platform, but no devices ever shipped and support has since been removed. The NDK never supported SH-4, and MIPS and MIPS64 support were removed from the NDK in r17.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>Some parts of the libc source, such as <a href="Stdio" class="mw-redirect" title="Stdio">stdio</a>, are from the BSDs (mainly <a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>), whereas others, such as the <a href="Pthread" class="mw-redirect" title="Pthread">pthread</a> implementation, were written from scratch.

</p><p>The <a href="C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">dynamic memory allocator</a> implementation has changed over time. Before <a href="Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop</a> there was a single native memory allocator, Doug Lea's <a href="Dlmalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Dlmalloc">dlmalloc</a>. For Lollipop and Marshmallow there were two implementations: dlmalloc and <a href="Jemalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemalloc">jemalloc</a>. jemalloc gives much higher performance than dlmalloc, but at the cost of extra memory required for bookkeeping. Most devices used jemalloc but low-memory devices still used dlmalloc. For <a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat</a> through <a href="Android_10" title="Android 10">Android 10</a>, all devices use jemalloc. Low-memory devices use a "svelte" configuration of jemalloc that disables the tcache to nearly match the lower memory overhead of dlmalloc while keeping most of the speed of jemalloc. In <a href="Android_11" title="Android 11">Android 11</a>, the memory allocator for most devices was switched to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">

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</style><span class="vanchor"><span class="vanchor-text">Scudo</span></span>, which sacrifices some of jemalloc's high performance for additional security hardening features.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-memory devices, however, are still permitted to use jemalloc.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some 64-bit devices, like the <a href="Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">Nexus 9</a>, are effectively low-memory devices because of the extra space requirements of 64-bit pointers and hosting of two zygotes. (<b>Zygote</b> is an Android system service that is the parent of all Android application processes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

</p><p>The <a href="Libm" class="mw-redirect" title="Libm">libm</a> source is largely <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>'s, but with optimized assembler contributed by the various <a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a> vendors.

</p><p>The dynamic linker (and libdl) were written from scratch.

</p><p>Bionic doesn't include libthread_db (used by <a href="Gdbserver" title="Gdbserver">gdbserver</a>), but the NDK did. The Android platform included a statically linked gdbserver, so that developers can use the latest <a href="Gdb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdb">gdb</a> even on old devices. Since Android dropped gdb support and switched to lldb, this is no longer relevant.

</p><p>There is no separate libpthread, libresolv, or librt on Android – the functionality is all in libc. For libpthread, there is no attempt to optimize for the single-threaded case because apps are in a multi-threaded environment even before the first instruction of third-party code is ever run.

</p><p>The Android platform uses libc++ for the C++ standard library (releases up to and including Lollipop used stlport). The NDK historically offered stlport and GNU libstdc++, but those were removed as of NDK r18.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that if any native code in an Android app uses C++, all the C++ must use the <i>same</i> <a href="Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">STL</a>. The STL is not provided by the Android OS, and must be bundled with each app.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_POSIX">Differences from POSIX</h2></div>

<p>Although Bionic aims to implement all of <a href="C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> and <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>, there are still (as of Android 15) about 11 POSIX functions missing<sup id="cite_ref-status_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from libc. There are also POSIX functions such as the endpwent/getpwent/setpwent family that are inapplicable to Android because it lacks a <a href="Passwd" title="Passwd">passwd</a> database. As of <a href="Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Oreo</a>, libm is complete.

</p><p>Some functions deliberately do not conform to the POSIX or C standards for security reasons, such as <a href="Printf" title="Printf">printf</a> which does not support the <code>%n</code> format string.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many of the most-used GNU extensions are implemented in Bionic, as are various BSD extensions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_the_NDK">Relationship to the NDK</h2></div>

<p>Platform code uses Bionic directly, but third-party developers use the Android Native Development Kit (NDK). Many third-party developers still target older OS releases, which contributes to a widespread belief that Bionic lacks many features. <a href="Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a> exported 803 functions from libc but Oreo exports 1278 (a 1.6x increase).<sup id="cite_ref-status_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Historically the NDK and the platform diverged, but NDK r11 and later have replaced NDK forks with their current platform equivalents. This work initially focused on the <a href="GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> and <a href="Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> compilers.

</p><p>Prior to NDK r14, when "unified" headers were first offered on an opt-in basis, the NDK had forked copies of the platform headers for different API levels. This meant that header-only fixes (fixes to constant or structure definitions, for example) weren't available to most NDK users because they'd be targeting an older API level, but platform fixes were only going in to the current platform headers. In the Oreo development period the platform headers were annotated with API level information so that the same set of headers can be used for all API levels, with only those functions available at the developer's targeted API level being visible. These are the so-called "unified" headers, and have been the default since NDK r15.

</p><p>Prior to NDK r16, the NDK linked a library called libandroid_support.a to code using libc++ to provide functions required by libc++ that weren't in old OS releases. This wasn't the same code used by the platform and introduced numerous bugs (such as breaking positional arguments to the printf family in any code that used libc++). From NDK r16 to r25, libandroid_support.a still existed but was built directly from the then-current platform source at the time each NDK was built. From NDK r26, libandroid_support.a is gone, because all OS versions still supported by the NDK contain everything needed by libc++.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortify_source">Fortify source</h2></div>

<p>As of <a href="Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Android Jelly Bean</a> MR1 (4.2), Bionic supports similar functionality to glibc's <code>_FORTIFY_SOURCE</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a feature where <a href="C_standard_library#BUFFER-OVERFLOW" title="C standard library">unsafe string and memory functions</a> (such as <code>strcpy()</code>, <code>strcat()</code>, and <code>memcpy()</code>) include checks for buffer overruns. These checks are performed at compile time if the buffer sizes can be determined at compile time, or run-time otherwise. Because fortify relies on runtime support from libc, its portability to older Android releases is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform itself is built with <code>_FORTIFY_SOURCE</code> enabled.

</p><p>Historically, one of the shortcomings of fortify has been that it is closely tied with GCC, which makes it very difficult to support well in other compilers, like Clang. This meant that when Android swapped to Clang as its default compiler,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bionic's fortify implementation became substantially less useful. In Android Oreo (8.0), Bionic's fortify was overhauled<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Clang in mind, resulting in fortify on Clang providing an experience on par with fortify on GCC. Since this overhaul, some checks were added above and beyond glibc's to catch code that — while not necessarily causing undefined behavior — is obviously incorrect. Because this new implementation requires no more libc support than the prior one, the Clang-specific enhancements are available to applications targeting versions of Android before Oreo.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div>

<p>For the creation of Bionic, Google used GPLv2-licensed Linux kernel <a href="Header_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Header file">header files</a>. To get rid of the GPL, Google claimed that it cleaned the header files from any copyright-able work, reducing them to non-copyrightable "facts".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itworld_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itworld-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linux creator <a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> considered Google's behaviour to be acceptable,<sup id="cite_ref-itworld_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itworld-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Google's interpretation of the GPL has been challenged, for instance by Raymond Nimmer, a law professor at the <a href="University_of_Houston_Law_Center" title="University of Houston Law Center">University of Houston Law Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Hybris_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybris (software)">Hybris</a> (also known as <i>libhybris</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads/revision_history">"NDK Revision History | Android NDK"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-status-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-status_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/master/docs/status.md">"Android bionic status"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElliott_Hughes" class="citation web cs1">Elliott Hughes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&m=139906913532531&w=2">"libc: #define to remove support for %n from printf(3)?"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html#42-security">"Android 4.2 Jelly Bean Release Notes"</a>. <i>Android Developers</i>. android.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/android-security-discuss/39oaPaWJX2I">"Android 4.2 and FORTIFY_SOURCE"</a>. <i>Android Security Discussions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk.git/+/ndk-r13-release/CHANGELOG.md">"Android NDK changelog"</a>. <i>Android NDK</i>. android.googlesource.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/04/fortify-in-android.html">"FORTIFY in Android"</a>. <i>Android Developers Blog</i>. android-developers.googleblog.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/29/google_android_and_the_linux_headers/">Google android and the linux headers</a> on <a href="Theregister.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theregister.com">theregister.com</a> (2011)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-itworld-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itworld_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itworld_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itworld.com/article/2744480/open-source-tools/android--sued-by-microsoft--not-by-linux.html">Android: Sued by Microsoft, not by Linux</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113121530/http://www.itworld.com/article/2744480/open-source-tools/android--sued-by-microsoft--not-by-linux.html">Archived</a> 2016-01-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Microsoft launches new Android suit, Linus Torvalds' take on Linux kernel headers and Android" on <a href="ITworld" class="mw-redirect" title="ITworld">ITworld</a> (March 21, 2011)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116122205/http://www.ipinfoblog.com/archives/licensing-law-issues-infringement-and-disclosure-risk-in-development-on-copyleft-platforms.html">Infringement and disclosure risk in development on copyleft platforms</a> on ipinfoblog.com by Raymond Nimmer (2011)</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-36noTCaiA"><span class="">Google I/O 2008 - Anatomy and Physiology of an Android</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/">Developer home page for Android</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/ndk/">Android Native Development Kit (NDK) home page</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/">Bionic sources (official repository)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elinux.org/Android_Notes#C_Library_.28bionic.29_info">Bionic notes on eLinux.org</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Android966" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Android_Go_products" title="Comparison of Android Go products">Comparison of products</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Software<br>development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Development tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li>

<li><a href="Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Software development kit</a> (SDK)

<ul><li><a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a> (ADB)</li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">Android App Bundle</a></li>

<li><a href="Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">Android application package</a> (APK)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Google Cloud Messaging</a> (GCM)</li>

<li><a href="Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a> (FCM)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services</a> (GMS)</li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Native development kit</a> (NDK)</li>

<li><a href="Android_software_development#Android_Open_Accessory_Development_Kit" title="Android software development">Open accessory development kit</a> (OADK)</li>

<li><a href="RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></li>

<li><a href="AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li>

<li><a href="Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Font" title="Font">Fonts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Droid_(typeface)" title="Droid (typeface)">Droid</a></li>

<li><a href="Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Google Developers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development<br>environments</a> (IDE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eclipse_(software)#Android_Development_Tools" title="Eclipse (software)">Android Development Tools</a> (ADT)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Languages</a>, <a href="Database" title="Database">databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> and <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, <a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_(operating_system)#Development" title="Android (operating system)">Android Open Source Project</a> (AOSP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Releases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake (1.5)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut (1.6)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair (2.0–2.1)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo (2.2)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread (2.3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb (3.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat (4.4)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop (5.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow (6.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat (7.x)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel & Pixel XL</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li>

<li>7

<li><a href="Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Player</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a></li>

<li><a href="Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Sony Xperia Z Ultra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">other smartphones</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom<br>distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AliOS" title="AliOS">AliOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baidu_Yi" title="Baidu Yi">Baidu Yi</a></li>

<li><a href="Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li>

<li><a href="CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Realme" title="Realme">realme UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CopperheadOS" title="CopperheadOS">CopperheadOS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Magic UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li>

<li><a href="GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiaomi_HyperOS" title="Xiaomi HyperOS">Xiaomi HyperOS</a>

<li><a href="LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a>

<li><a href="CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li>

<li><a href="CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li>

<li><a href="DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Kali_NetHunter" title="Kali NetHunter">Kali NetHunter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroG" title="MicroG">MicroG</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_X_family#Nokia_X_software_platform" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X software platform</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li>

<li><a href="OPhone" title="OPhone">OPhone</a></li>

<li><a href="OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li>

<li><a href="PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li>

<li><a href="Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li>

<li><a href="SlimRoms" title="SlimRoms">SlimRoms</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubuntu_Touch#Ubuntu_for_Android" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu for Android</a></li>

<li><a href="XobotOS" class="mw-redirect" title="XobotOS">XobotOS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting and<br>recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a>

<li><a href="ClockworkMod" title="ClockworkMod">ClockworkMod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a>

<ul><li><a href="SafetyNet" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet">SafetyNet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">UIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asus_ZenFone" title="Asus ZenFone">Asus ZenFone</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherry_OS_(operating_system)" title="Cherry OS (operating system)">Cherry OS</a></li>

<li><a href="ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Funtouch_OS" title="Funtouch OS">Funtouch OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li>

<li><a href="HTC_Sense" title="HTC Sense">HTC Sense</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Optimus_UI" title="Optimus UI">Optimus UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motoblur" title="Motoblur">Motoblur</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Samsung_Experience" title="Samsung Experience">Experience</a></li>

<li><a href="TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Origin_OS" title="Origin OS">Origin OS</a></li>

<li><a href="OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li>

<li>Xperia UI</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a></li>

<li><a href="Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingo_Root" title="Kingo Root">Kingo Root</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_Assisted_Superuser" title="Kernel Assisted Superuser">Kernel Assisted Superuser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Free and open-source applications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Google apps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_launchers" title="List of Android launchers">Launchers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Android_OS_articles" title="Index of Android OS articles">Index of articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Java vs. Android API</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Lawn statues</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li>

<li>Legal issues

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google v. Oracle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">Android Runtime for Chrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Android development</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Mobile telecommunications</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ASoftware" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C_programming_language527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="C_programming_language527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="Embedded_C" title="Embedded C">Embedded C</a></li>

<li><a href="MISRA_C" title="MISRA C">MISRA C</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">Functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Include_directive#C" title="Include directive">Header files</a></li>

<li><a href="Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">Operators</a></li>

<li><a href="C_string_handling" title="C string handling">String</a></li>

<li><a href="C_syntax" title="C syntax">Syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="C_preprocessor" title="C preprocessor">Preprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="C_data_types" title="C data types">Data types</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">Standard library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">Dynamic memory</a></li>

<li><a href="C_string_handling" title="C string handling">String</a></li>

<li><a href="Stdarg.h" title="Stdarg.h">Variadic</a></li>

<li><a href="C_POSIX_library" title="C POSIX library">POSIX</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hybris_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybris (software)">libhybris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Windows CRT</a></li>

<li><a href="Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li>

<li><a href="UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_C_compilers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of C compilers">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Borland_Turbo_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Borland Turbo C">Borland Turbo C</a></li>

<li><a href="Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li>

<li><a href="Norcroft_C_compiler" title="Norcroft C compiler">Norcroft C</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">Visual C++ (MSVC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Watcom_C/C%2B%2B" title="Watcom C/C++">Watcom C/C++</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li>

<li><a href="CLion" class="mw-redirect" title="CLion">CLion</a></li>

<li><a href="Code%3A%3ABlocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a></li>

<li><a href="CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Builder" title="GNOME Builder">GNOME Builder</a></li>

<li><a href="KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li>

<li><a href="NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison with<br>other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Compatibility of C and C++">Compatibility of C and C++</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Comparison with Pascal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descendant<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Bionic_(software)&oldid=1299599655">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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